The intra-S phase checkpoint directly regulates replication elongation to preserve the integrity of stalled replisomes.
DNA replication is dramatically slowed down under replication stress. The regulation of replication speed is a conserved response in eukaryotes and, in fission yeast, requires the checkpoint kinases Rad3 ATR  and Cds1 Chk2  However, the underlying mechanism of this checkpoint regulation remains unresolved. Here, we report that the Rad3 ATR -Cds1 Chk2  checkpoint directly targets the Cdc45-MCM-GINS (CMG) replicative helicase under replication stress. When replication forks stall, the Cds1 Chk2  kinase directly phosphorylates Cdc45 on the S275, S322, and S397 residues, which significantly reduces CMG helicase activity. Furthermore, in  cds1   Chk2   -mutated cells, the CMG helicase and DNA polymerases are physically separated, potentially disrupting replisomes and collapsing replication forks. This study demonstrates that the intra-S phase checkpoint directly regulates replication elongation, reduces CMG helicase processivity, prevents CMG helicase delinking from DNA polymerases, and therefore helps preserve the integrity of stalled replisomes and replication forks.
Liu Y, Wang L, Xu X, Yuan Y, Zhang B, Li Z, Xie Y, Yan R, Zheng Z, Ji J, Murray JM, Carr AM, Kong D