Analysis of Lipid-linked Oligosaccharides Synthesized  in vivo  in  Schizosaccharomyces pombe .
Dolichol diphosphate-linked oligosaccharides (LLO) are the sugar donors in  N  -glycosylation, a fundamental protein post-translational modification of the eukaryotic secretory pathway. Defects in LLO biosynthesis produce human Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation Type I. The synthesis of LLOs and the transfer reactions to their protein acceptors is highly conserved among animal, plant, and fungi kingdoms, making the fission yeast  Schizosaccharomyces pombe  a suitable model to study these processes. Here, we present a protocol to determine the LLO patterns produced  in vivo  by  S. pombe  cells that may be easily adapted to other cell types. First, exponentially growing cultures are labeled with a pulse of [  14  C]-glucose. LLOs are then purified by successive extractions with organic solvents, and glycans are separated from the lipid moieties in mild acid hydrolysis and a new solvent extraction. The purified glycans are then run on paper chromatography. We use a deconvolution process to adjust the profile obtained to the minimal number of Gaussian functions needed to fit the data and determine the proportion of each species with respect to total glycan species present in the cell. The method we provide here might be used without any expensive or specialized equipment. The deconvolution process described here might also be useful to analyze species in non-completely resolved chromatograms. Graphical abstract: Workflow for the labeling, extraction, separation, and identification of LLO species in  S. pombe  . (A) Radioactive pulse of  S. pombe  cells with [  14  C]-glucose for 15 min at 28 °C. (B) Organic extraction of LLOs from labeled yeasts sequentially using methanol, chloroform, H  2  O, chloroform:methanol:H  2  O (1:1:0.3), 0.02 M HCl (to separate glycans from dolichol), and chloroform:methanol:H  2  O (1:16:16). (C) Preparation of the sample for chromatography on paper: drying by airflow and radioactivity check. (D) Loading of samples in chromatographic paper and descendent chromatography in a glass chamber. The obtained plots (CPM versus running distance) need to be analyzed to identify single glycan species.
Valko A, Gallo GL, Weisz AD, Parodi AJ, D'Alessio C